MLA 9th Edition: Works Cited Format

 

MLA 9^th Edition:

Works Cited Format

1. Book

• Format: Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of the Book. Publisher, Year of Publication.
• Example: Smith, John. The Art of Fiction. Penguin Books, 2021.

2. Book with Two Authors

• Format: First Author’s Last Name, First Name, and Second Author’s First Name Last Name. Title of the Book. Publisher, Year of Publication.
• Example: Johnson, Mary, and Alan Doe. Modern Approaches to Literature. Oxford UP, 2020.

3. Edited Book

• Format: Editor’s Last Name, First Name, editor. Title of the Book. Publisher, Year of Publication.
• Example: Brown, Samantha, editor. Studies in Victorian Literature. Cambridge UP, 2019.

4. Chapter in an Edited Book

• Format: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Chapter.” Title of the Book, edited by Editor’s First Name Last Name, Publisher, Year of Publication, pp. Page Range.
• Example: Green, Michael. “The Role of Symbolism in Modernism.” Essays on Modern Literature, edited by Laura Gray, Routledge, 2022, pp. 45-67.

5. Journal Article (Print)

• Format: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of the Article.” Title of the Journal, vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Year, pp. Page Range.
• Example: Lee, Anna. “Exploring Postcolonial Narratives.” Journal of Literary Studies, vol. 12, no. 3, 2020, pp. 23-45.

6. Journal Article (Online)

• Format: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of the Article.” Title of the Journal, vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Year, pp. Page Range. Database Name, DOI or URL.
• Example: Kumar, Raj. “Digital Humanities and the Future of Research.” Journal of Digital Culture, vol. 5, no. 2, 2023, pp. 112-130. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1234/digitalh123.

7. Website

• Format: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of the Webpage.” Title of the Website, Name of Publisher, Date of Publication, URL.
• Example: Miller, Sarah. “Understanding MLA Style.” Academic Writing Hub, 15 Aug. 2023, www.academicwritinghub.com/mla-style-guide.

8. Newspaper Article (Print)

• Format: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of the Article.” Title of the Newspaper, Date of Publication, p. Page Number.
• Example: Thomas, Kevin. “Climate Change Policies and Politics.” The New York Times, 20 Sept. 2024, p. A10.

9. Film

• Format: Title of the Film. Directed by Director’s First Name Last Name, Production Company, Year of Release.
• Example: Inception. Directed by Christopher Nolan, Warner Bros., 2010.

10. YouTube Video

• Format: Creator’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of the Video.” YouTube, Date of Publication, URL.
• Example: Khan, Salman. “Introduction to Shakespeare.” YouTube, 5 June 2023, www.youtube.com/watch?v=abc123.

 

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Harvard vs. APA Citation System

 

Harvard vs. APA Citation System

Introduction

Both the Harvard and APA (American Psychological Association) citation systems are widely used in academic writing to acknowledge sources and avoid plagiarism. While they share similarities, they also have distinct differences in formatting, structure, and application.

1. Overview of Each System

Feature	Harvard Citation System	APA Citation System (7th Edition)
Origin	Developed at Harvard University	Developed by the American Psychological Association
Used In	Humanities, Social Sciences, Business	Social Sciences, Psychology, Education
Citation Style	Author-Date System	Author-Date System
Focus	Simplicity and flexibility	Standardization and scientific clarity

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2. In-Text Citations

Both systems use the author-date style, where the author's surname and year of publication are included in parentheses within the text.

Harvard In-Text Citation

• Format: (Author Last Name, Year)
• Example: (Smith, 2022)
• If quoting directly: (Smith, 2022, p. 45)

APA In-Text Citation (7th Edition)

• Format: (Author, Year, p. Page Number)
• Example: (Smith, 2022, p. 45)
• For paraphrasing: (Smith, 2022)
• For multiple authors: (Smith & Jones, 2020) or (Smith et al., 2021) for more than two authors

Key Differences:

1. Harvard often uses “p.” for a single page and “pp.” for multiple pages, while APA consistently uses “p.”

2. APA allows for more specific citation styles, such as narrative citations: Smith (2022) argues that...

3. Reference List Formatting

Harvard Reference List

• Arranged alphabetically by author’s last name
• Uses minimal punctuation and formatting
• Consistent use of italics for titles

Example (Book):
Smith, J., 2022. Understanding Psychology. 2nd ed. London: Oxford University Press.

Example (Journal Article):
Jones, M., 2020. 'Social dynamics in urban areas,' Journal of Sociology, 45(2), pp. 145-160.

APA Reference List (7th Edition)

• Arranged alphabetically by author’s last name
• Uses hanging indentation
• Title case for article titles, sentence case for book titles

Example (Book):
Smith, J. (2022). Understanding psychology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

Example (Journal Article):
Jones, M. (2020). Social dynamics in urban areas. Journal of Sociology, 45(2), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1234/abcd

Key Differences:

1. APA places publication year right after the author name; Harvard places it later.

2. Harvard includes the city of publication, whereas APA does not require it anymore.

3. APA includes DOI or URL for online sources when available.

4. Citing Various Sources

Website Citation

Harvard:

• Author Last Name, First Initial(s)., Year. Title of webpage. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].
• Example: WHO, 2023. COVID-19 updates. Available at: www.who.int/covid19 [Accessed 12 January 2024].

APA:

• Author Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. Site Name. URL
• Example: World Health Organization. (2023, January 12). COVID-19 updates. www.who.int/covid19

Citing an Article in a Newspaper

Harvard:

• Author Last Name, First Initial(s)., Year. 'Title of article,' Title of Newspaper, Day Month, page number(s).
• Example: Johnson, R., 2021. 'New policies in education,' The Guardian, 5 March, p. 12.

APA:

• Author Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Name. URL
• Example: Johnson, R. (2021, March 5). New policies in education. The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/new-education

Citing a Journal Article with Multiple Authors

Harvard:

• Author Last Name, First Initial(s). and Author Last Name, First Initial(s)., Year. 'Title of article,' Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), page numbers.
• Example: Brown, P. and White, S., 2019. 'The effects of climate change,' Environmental Studies, 50(3), pp. 234-250.

APA:

• Author Last Name, First Initial., & Author Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), pages. https://doi.org/xxxx
• Example: Brown, P., & White, S. (2019). The effects of climate change. Environmental Studies, 50(3), 234-250. https://doi.org/xxxx

5. Key Differences Between Harvard and APA Citation Styles

Aspect	Harvard	APA (7th Edition)
Order of Information	Author, Title, Year, Publisher	Author, Year, Title, Publisher
Punctuation	Uses more punctuation (e.g., commas)	Less punctuation, focus on clarity
Date Placement	After the author’s name	Immediately after the author’s name
Page Numbers	p. or pp. for pages	p. for pages (in-text citations)
URL Display	Includes “Available at:” before URL	Direct URL inclusion without “Retrieved from”
Publisher Location	Required	Not required

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6. Choosing Between Harvard and APA

• Harvard Style is often preferred in disciplines such as humanities, business, and some social sciences where flexibility and readability are prioritized.
• APA Style is commonly used in psychology, education, and the social sciences due to its structured approach and emphasis on scientific reporting.

7. Common Citation Mistakes to Avoid

1. Incorrect Author Formatting:

o    Harvard: Use full name if available, while APA uses initials only.

2. Misplaced Year:

o    Ensure correct placement according to the style being used.

3. Omitting URLs for Online Sources:

o    Always include the retrieval details in both styles.

4. Inconsistent Use of Italics:

o    Ensure book titles, journals, and websites follow the respective style rules.

8. Tools for Generating Citations

Several citation generators can help format references accurately in both Harvard and APA styles:

• Cite This For Me (supports Harvard and APA)
• Zotero (automated citations and bibliography management)
• EndNote (professional reference management software)
• Mendeley (ideal for research papers and collaboration)

Conclusion

While both Harvard and APA citation systems follow an author-date style, their formatting rules differ significantly in terms of structure and application. Understanding these differences helps in selecting the appropriate style for academic writing and ensuring proper citation of sources.

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Citations in Forms Other than Print

 

Citations in Forms Other than Print

Introduction

In today’s digital age, information is available in various formats beyond traditional print media. Academic and professional writing requires proper citation of these non-print sources to ensure credibility, allow readers to locate the original material, and avoid plagiarism. Different citation styles (MLA, APA, Chicago, etc.) provide specific guidelines for citing such sources, including online articles, videos, social media posts, podcasts, and more.

1. Common Non-Print Sources and How to Cite Them

1.1. Websites and Online Articles

Web sources often lack traditional page numbers, so citations should include elements such as the author, publication date, webpage title, website name, and URL.

MLA Format:

• Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Webpage.” Website Name, Publication Date, URL.
• Example: Smith, John. “Digital Trends in 2024.” TechWorld, 12 May 2024, www.techworld.com/digital-trends-2024.

APA Format:

• Author Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Date). Title of webpage. Website Name. URL
• Example: Smith, J. (2024, May 12). Digital trends in 2024. TechWorld. www.techworld.com/digital-trends-2024

1.2. Social Media Posts

Social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram contain valuable information that can be cited for research purposes. Citations should include the author (or username), date, post content, platform name, and URL.

MLA Format:

• Author (Username). “Text of the post.” Platform, Date, URL.
• Example: @NASA. “We’re going to the Moon!” Twitter, 15 June 2023, twitter.com/NASA/status/123456.

APA Format:

• Author (Username). (Year, Month Date). Text of post [Platform]. URL
• Example: NASA. (2023, June 15). We’re going to the Moon! [Tweet]. https://twitter.com/NASA/status/123456

1.3. Videos (YouTube, Vimeo, etc.)

Video content should be cited with details such as the creator, date, video title, platform, and URL.

MLA Format:

• Author or Creator. “Title of Video.” Platform, Uploaded by User, Date, URL.
• Example: National Geographic. “The Wonders of Space.” YouTube, uploaded by National Geographic, 5 Mar. 2023, www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyz123.

APA Format:

• Author or Organization. (Year, Month Date). Title of video [Video]. Platform. URL
• Example: National Geographic. (2023, March 5). The wonders of space [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyz123

1.4. Podcasts

Podcasts require citations that include the host, episode title, program title, date, and URL.

MLA Format:

• Host Last Name, First Name, host. “Episode Title.” Podcast Name, Website, Date, URL.
• Example: Johnson, Sarah, host. “Exploring AI.” The Future Talk, Spotify, 12 July 2023, open.spotify.com/episode/abc123.

APA Format:

• Host Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Date). Episode title (Episode number) [Audio podcast]. Podcast Name. URL
• Example: Johnson, S. (2023, July 12). Exploring AI (Episode 10) [Audio podcast]. The Future Talk. open.spotify.com/episode/abc123

1.5. Online Reports and PDFs

Reports and white papers available online should be cited with the organization or author, title, date, and retrieval URL.

MLA Format:

• Author or Organization. Title of Report. Publisher, Year, URL.
• Example: World Health Organization. Global Health Trends 2023. WHO, 2023, www.who.int/reports/global-health-2023.

APA Format:

• Author or Organization. (Year). Title of report. Publisher. URL
• Example: World Health Organization. (2023). Global health trends 2023. WHO. www.who.int/reports/global-health-2023

1.6. Online Interviews

For interviews published online, cite the interviewee, interviewer (if available), date, and platform.

MLA Format:

• Interviewee Last Name, First Name. Interview by Interviewer First Name Last Name. Title of Interview. Website, Date, URL.
• Example: Gates, Bill. Interview by Jane Doe. The Future of Technology. Forbes, 10 Apr. 2022, www.forbes.com/interview-bill-gates.

APA Format:

• Interviewee Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Date). Interview title [Interview]. Website. URL
• Example: Gates, B. (2022, April 10). The future of technology [Interview]. Forbes. www.forbes.com/interview-bill-gates

1.7. Digital Images and Artwork

Citations for online images should include the artist/creator, title, date, source, and URL.

MLA Format:

• Creator Last Name, First Name. Title of Image. Date, Website, URL.
• Example: Van Gogh, Vincent. Starry Night. 1889, Museum of Modern Art, www.moma.org/artworks/starry-night.

APA Format:

• Creator Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of work [Type of work]. Website. URL
• Example: Van Gogh, V. (1889). Starry night [Painting]. Museum of Modern Art. www.moma.org/artworks/starry-night

2. Tips for Citing Non-Print Sources

1. Include Stable URLs: If possible, use permanent or DOI links to ensure long-term access to the source.

2. Evaluate Source Credibility: Ensure non-print sources are reputable and suitable for academic work.

3. Be Consistent: Use a single citation style throughout your work.

4. Provide Access Dates: Some citation styles recommend including the access date for frequently updated content (e.g., websites).

5. Follow Style-Specific Guidelines: Each citation style has unique rules for formatting non-print citations.

3. Citation Tools for Non-Print Sources

There are several tools available to help with citing non-print sources accurately:

• Zotero: Manages and generates citations for a variety of sources.
• Mendeley: Helps organize and cite digital materials like research papers and reports.
• Cite This For Me: Generates citations in different styles for online sources.
• EasyBib: Assists with citing digital content such as YouTube videos and social media.

Conclusion

Citing non-print sources accurately is essential for maintaining academic integrity and credibility in research. As digital content continues to grow in importance, understanding how to properly cite various media types—such as websites, videos, podcasts, and social media—ensures that your work is well-supported and ethically sound. Always refer to the specific citation style guide to follow the most up-to-date formatting rules.

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